Gradience Free Nanoinsertion of Fe₃O₄ into Wood for Enhanced Hydrovoltaic Energy Harvesting

Hydrovoltaic energy harvesting offers the potential to utilize enormous water for sustainable systems. Here, we report utilization and tailoring of an intrinsic anisotropic 3D continuous microchannel structure from native wood efficient hydrovoltaic by Fe3O4 nanoparticle insertion. Acetone-assisted precursor infiltration ensures homogenous distribution Fe ions gradience-free formation in wood. The Fe3O4/wood nanocomposites result open-circuit voltage 63 mV a power density ∼52 μW/m2 (∼165 times higher than original wood) under ambient conditions. output are further increased 1 V ∼743 3 suns solar irradiation. enhancement could be attributed increase surface charge, nanoporosity, photothermal effect Fe3O4. device exhibits stable ∼1 30 h (3 cycles 10 h) showing good long-term stability. methodology hierarchical organic–inorganic nanocomposite design scalable harvesting.